Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Introduction : why study history? : why the 1940s and 1950s? -- 2. Genes : starting with DNA -- 3. Signaling molecules : the first growth factor -- 4. Signaling molecules : the first neurotransmitters in the brain -- 5. Cell biology and the synapse -- 6. Physiology : the action potential -- 7. Physiology : synaptic potentials and receptor potentials -- 8. Functional organization of neurons and dendrites -- 9. Neural circuits : spinal cord, retina, invertebrate systems -- 10. Neural circuits : cortical columns and cortical processing -- 11. Neural systems : the neural basis of behavior -- 12. Learning and memory : Donald Hobb, Brenda Milner and H.M. -- 13. Neurology : foundations of brain imaging -- 14. Neurosurgery : from Cushing to Penfield -- 15. Neuropsychiatry : the breakthrough in psychopharmacology -- 16. Theoretical neuroscience : the brain as a computer and the computer as a brain -- 17. Summing up -- Appendix A. Resources -- Appendix B. Supporting material available on the Web.

For modern scientists, history often starts with last week's journals and is regarded as largely a quaint interest compared with the advances of today. However, this book makes the case that, measured by major advances, the greatest decade in the history of brain studies was mid-twentieth century, especially the 1950s. The first to focus on worldwide contributions in this period, the book ranges through dozens of astonishing discoveries at all levels of the brain, from DNA, through growth factors, excitability, synapses, dopamine and Parkinson's, visual processing, the cortical column, reticular activating system and REM sleep, to stress, learning and memory. The clinical fields are also covered, from Cushing and Penfield, psychosurgery and brain energy metabolism, to most of the major psychoactive drugs in use today, and much more. The material has been the basis for a highly successful advanced undergraduate and graduate course at Yale, with the classic papers organized and accessible on the web. There is interest for a wide range of readers, academic, and lay because there is a focus on the creative process itself, on understanding how the combination of unique personalities, innovative hypotheses, and new methods led to the advances. Insight is given into this process through describing the struggles between male and female, student and mentor, academic and private sector, and the roles of chance and persistence. The book thus provides a new multidisciplinary understanding of the revolution that created the modern field of neuroscience and set the bar for judging current and future advances.